Essay --

The strains that would eventually create the 2013 shutdown started to come to fruition after Republicans, reinforced by the development of the Tea Party, won back a dominant part of the seats in the House of Representatives from the Democrats in 2010.[19][20][21][22] Even around then, some moderate activists and Tea Party-partnered lawmakers were at that point approaching congressional Republicans to be happy to close down the legislature so as to compel congressional Democrats and the President to consent to profound slices in spending and to revoke the Affordable Care Act, which had been marked into law just a couple of months sooner. Previous Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, a Republican who had directed Congress during the last government shutdowns 15 years sooner, said in April 2010 that if Republicans won back control of Congress in the 2010 political decision, they should evacuate any subsidizing for the Affordable Care Act in any apportionments charges they passed. Gingric h said Republicans expected to be prepared to remain on guideline and should decline to support the new human services law regardless of whether their refusal would bring about a shutdown of the government.[23] As the November 2010 congressional races moved close, Rep. Lynn Westmoreland, a Republican from Georgia, said that if the Republicans won a greater part of seats in the House, they would pass assignment charges that the President would veto, prompting an administration shutdown. Westmoreland told supporters: We have put Band-Aids on certain things that should be cleared out. That is going to take some torment. There will must be some torment for us to do a few things that we must do to right the ship.[24][25] Sen. Mike Lee of Utah, at that point pursuing position as the Republican Party's chosen one, said that altho... ... also, to abridging the Environmental Protection Agency's position to uphold the Clean Air Act and carbon dioxide emissions.[29][31] House Republicans gave Speaker John Boehner an applause when he educated them that he was prompting the House Administration Committee to start arrangements for a potential shutdown.[32] A spending bargain was consented to under two hours before a shutdown would have begun.[33] A few comparable financing emergencies coming about because of differences over budgetary approach resulted in the accompanying three years, with shutdowns being barely turned away by a minute ago arrangements each time.[34][35][36][37][38] Congressional Republicans stayed focused on disposing of or subverting the Affordable Care Act, taking in excess of 40 to a great extent emblematic votes passing bills to cancel or defund the demonstration which the Democratic-controlled Senate dismissed or declined to consider.[39][40]

Concert Studio Jazz Band free essay sample

On a warm Sunday evening, March tenth to be careful, Long Beach State University was clamoring with grounds movement. While everybody was at the yearly Pop Wow situated on upper grounds, I was going towards the college Theater to watch Clubs Studio Jazz Band perform. In the wake of buying my ticket, I entered the enormous, dim scene and sat legitimately before the band which filled the whole stage. Before the show was going to begin, I had the option to watch the crowd and record the socioeconomics. Huge numbers of the individuals that went to were understudies and companions of the musicians, and even a portion of their parental units came to help too. Despite the fact that the house wasnt totally pressed (could be on the grounds that the show was at 2:00 Toward the evening), everybody appeared to be energized and there were unquestionably acceptable vibes noticeable all around. The band was stupendous, however out of the many astonishing pieces that were performed, I picked two to survey. We will compose a custom paper test on Show: Studio Jazz Band or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The main arrangement was an advanced, samba-like piece called Sedentary Motion formed by Tom Gargling.A run of the mill Jazz set up was utilized, which incorporated the mood segment (piano, electric guitar, standup bass, and drum set), and highlighted instruments like the trumpet, trombone, and saxophone. The presentation structure was practically equivalent to a head-solo-head structure with a tenor saxophone solo first, and a trumpet solo after. The two soloists showed faultless improvisational abilities while keeping a smooth, attractive feel to their tone, and at the same time had the option to push the piece in a forward force. The general execution was exceptionally timed; the cheery was constantly stressed, and the samba-like characteristics of the piece made me need to move. An important part of the presentation was the drumming. To add to the vibe and push of the piece. The drums were played gently as opposed to hard and underlined. The subsequent sythesis was an exemplary swing piece called Dont Get Around Much Anymore, initially titled Never No Lament wrote and recorded in the backtalk by Duke Elongating. A similar Jazz set up was utilized for this presentation, yet rather, the soloist (a trombone player) was brought to the front.The structure of the exhibition was a lot of Like a call and reaction where the included trombonist was the call while the band was the reaction. I especially delighted in the soloists profound and rich sound when he played the included parts, and much valued his away from of high and low notes when he played his improvisational parts. The piece over totally began with a major and striking starting which progressed into a swing, and generally, the band kept steady over the beat and played the melody in a perky tempo.A imperative part of the exhibition was that this piece was the main piece that was a work of art. Every single other piece performed were viewed as present day Jazz pieces. To put it plainly, I for one appreciated the whole execution and could tell that the crowd made some great memories also. One of my preferred examples of the show was after break when 3 individuals from the debut jazz combo, the Conservatory Jazz Combo, Joined the band and played a little piece called Grow by Philip Dick. These 3 artists were Just so incredible to tune in to and I felt engaged. In any case, expressive (they were situated before the band) than those that had their eyes stuck to their music sheets. This returns to the subject of Jazz at that point and now, how in those days, everything was found out by ear, played predominantly without composed scores, and performed expressively versus the present, where everything is an incredible inverse. Obviously this doesnt go for all Jazz entertainers, however it is a straightforward perception which can without much of a stretch be found in the scholarly world. That is the reason it is critical to find out about the historical backdrop of Jazz and to realize that it wasnt consistently what it is currently.

Riot Round-Up The Best of What We Read in May

Riot Round-Up The Best of What We Read in May We asked our contributors to share the best book they read this month. Weve got fiction, nonfiction, YA, memoir, and more. Some are old, some are new, and some arent even out yet. Enjoy, and please tell us about the highlight of your reading month in the comments. Alpha by Greg Rucka It’s thriller season in America. Do you know where your children are? You could dismiss this first entry in Greg Rucka’s new Jad Bell franchise as “Die Hard in an amusement park,” but then you’d be missing the forest for the roller coasters. Master strategist behind the critically acclaimed Queen Country comics and prose novels, Rucka knows how to reverse engineer a special ops warrior with all the right seasoning. As such, he delivers a level of genuine confidence and authenticity few thrillers can muster. Broken after an op goes haywire, newly divorced Bell ends up running security in Wilsonville, a storied Disneyland analog in a world where Disney is still very much a factor. Oh, and Bell isn’t the only man with a past collecting a check from Wilsonville. Far from it. Just as our hero settles into his new life, a few unlikely sleepers begin to stir. Bell has dealt with terrorists before, just never in the second happiest place on earth. Never on the day his ex-wife an d teenage daughter stroll in on a field trip. It’s a tense scenario, made all the more exhilarating by the frankness of the author’s lucid, unadorned prose. The book also presents one of the most compelling opening lines in recent memory: “Mario Vesques was sure he was going to make it, right up until he saw the knife in the dog’s hand.” Paul Montgomery _________________________ Canada by Richard Ford I never thought Richard Ford deserved the Pulitzer Prize for Independence Day. In fact, I’d put all of his “Frank Bascombe books” two notches below what I think is his best work: Rock Springs and the sadly-underrated Wildlife. Make that three notches. Canada is a welcome return to the territoryâ€"geographical and spiritualâ€"where Ford really thrives. From the opening line (“First, I’ll tell about the robbery our parents committed”) to the last (“We try”), Ford attempts to untangle the complex wiring of our genetics: who are these mysterious creatures we call our parents? And what makes them act like irrational children when times get tough? In narrator Dell Parsons’ case, his mother and fatherâ€"“regular people tricked by circumstance and bad instincts”â€"have hit the skids in the early 1960s. When they’re put in jail after a botched bank robbery, Dell is sent north to Canada to avoid a life in foster care. There, he falls in with a surrogate father, a shady American who also has a criminal past. Canada isn’t always the smoothest readâ€"some of the sentences are long and floridâ€"but it’s deep and satisfying in a way that only Richard Ford can tell: masterly and full of metaphor. David Abrams _________________________ Code Name Verity by Elizabeth Wein Going into Code Name Verity, you might need to suspend some disbelief. The dual narratives of this story are told by two girls who are writing journals during WWII. One is a confession from a spy to her German captors. To tell you who else is narrating would give too much away. Ultimately, it doesn’t quite stand ground that either of these girls would be narrating these stories in quite this way, but it does not matter. Their stories are set up in such a way that the story builds and builds until it finally, slowly unravels, detail by detail. Even if interesting narrative structures aren’t your thing (and trust me, they are totally my thing), then the harrowing story of best friends who are faced with the unimaginable is enough for me to recommend this story to fans of YA and adult fiction alike. Leslie Fannon _________________________ Glaciers by Alexis M. Smith This book is so utterly delightful tiny size, tiny type, big sentiments. It follows one day in the life of Isabel, a young woman who works at the library restoring books. She’s quiet and withdrawn, into vintage clothing shops and the Iraq War veteran who works upstairsnot that he knows that. The single-day narrative is combined with Isabel’s recollections of her childhood, where she learned to love junk shops and came to view other people’s discarded items as treasures. Smith writes gorgeous, precise sentences they glide through your brain like cool tiny fish. If you’re a fan of Tinkers, you’re sure to love this book. But you don’t have to take my word for itokay, I’ve just always wanted to say that. Liberty Hardy _________________________ Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn (coming June 5th) This book kept me up nights, gave me crazy dreams, and rang so many of my bells at once that I sort of don’t know what my name is right now. So. Nick Dunne comes home one dayhis fifth wedding anniversary, to be preciseand discovers that his wife Amy is missing. There are signs of a struggle, and, this being a small midwestern town where everyone watches CSI, Nick is the prime suspect. Nick and Amy function as dual (and equally unreliable) narrators, with Nick presenting the story from the Day Of and going forward and Amy revealing select diary entries from several years leading up to the Day Of. Then things switch. And nothing is quite what you think it is. Nick and Amy are  colossally screwed-up individuals in an even-more-screwed-up marriage, and their story is terrifying because it is so possible, so believable. Flynns observations about relationships and modern life are cuttingso smart, and so true that you hate to admit you see yourself in some of them. It’s a literary mind fuck of the highest, most delightful order, and I can’t recommend it enough. If you dig dark and twisty noir-ish genre with literary flareand if you loved Adam Ross’s Mr. Peanut, which covers similar territory in a wholly different waydon’t miss this one. Rebecca Joines Schinsky _________________________ House Rules by Rachel Sontag I’m generally not into narratives of abuse or oh-things-were-so-terrible-when-I-was-young memoirs, but this is one of the most captivating and horrific stories I have ever read, about a father who managed to administer crushing abuse without so much as the threat of physical violence, and the daughter who escaped and grew from the experience, but remains fully self-aware as to how much she still does and will carry it with her. I originally read this a few years ago when it was published in hardback, butnow that I’m in suburbia and have started filling those hours in the car with audio booksI recently listened to the unabridged recorded version, and the story is even more haunting and beautiful when heard aloud. Victor Wishna _________________________ A Land More Kind Than Home by Wiley Cash “Southern Gothic” is not a genre I’ve explored much. I got a taste from reading Faulkner, and never touched the stuff again. Until debut author Wiley Cash’s A Land More Kind Than Home. Splitting the narrative string among several characters, including nine-year-old Jess Hall, Sheriff Clem Barefield, and Evangelical church matriarch Adelaide Lyle, the story weaves together past and present and creates a rich history of relationships, scandal and religion. Cash has created a novel that sneaks up on you; in a very Southern way indicative of the rural North Carolina setting all the fire is below the surface, hidden behind newspapers on the windows, until it can no longer be suppressed and the turmoil boils over. Each narrative voice is pitch perfect and the picture that emerges is heartbreaking, the climax seeming at once both shocking and inevitable. It’s a beautiful, tragic, gut-wrenching read, and I’m already clamoring for Cash’s next literary offering. Rachel Manwill _________________________ Lucking Out by James Wolcott I was desultorily making my way through Wolcott’s memoir of 1970s New York, with the occasional eyeball roll over his metaphor-stuffed pages, when I hit Part IV. Punk, porn, gross apartment, lurid crime, and … the New York City Ballet?! All of a sudden, Wolcott bounded from the Lower East Side to Lincoln Center. My eyeballs stopped rolling. I was mesmerized by his description of Suzanne Farrell’s return to NYCB, the way Edward Gorey went to every performance (“more Nutcrackers than mental health authorities should have allowed”), how an AIDS sufferer determinedly made his way to see Darci Kistler dance. This section passionately demonstrates the role dance should have in the arts and in our culture overallâ€"and it emphasizes the thrill and thrust of great critical writing. He recalls digging up back issues of Arlene Croce’s Ballet Review with its letter grades and no-frills blocks of newsprint. Reading a long quote from Croce’s review of Farrell’s return performance, I held my breath And then desperately tried to find video clips of Baryshnikov and Gelsey Kirkland. Jennifer Paull _________________________ Out of the Vinyl Deeps: Ellen Willis on Rock Music by Ellen Willis It is hard for me to be critical of this one because I’m in the process of weaving it into my DNA. Reading Out of the Vinyl Deeps filled a hole in me that was much more profound than I ever realized. This is the kind of book I’ve been in search of for most of my adult life: a smart, engaging look at rock and roll written by a woman. It’s been a lot harder to find than it should be. Ellen Willis, who was the first pop music critic for The New Yorker, put a social, cultural, and, most importantly, feminist perspective on Rock Roll and reading her essays filled me with hell yeses and so much joy I nearly burst. If you care at all about rock and roll, you should read this one. Jodi Chromey _________________________ Shine Shine Shine by Lydia Netzer (coming in July) This book is weird and difficult and hopeful and strange and amazing and perfect. It follows Sunny, a suburban housewife and mother of an autistic boy with another baby on the way. Her husband is a brilliant NASA engineer and borderline-Cumberbatch-Sherlock-with-the-no-emotions-and-the-razor-sharp-brain-piece. His rocket is hit by an errant meteor on the same day that her wig falls off in front of her neighbors- turns out Sunny is bald. The book follows Sunny and her husband as they deal with their crises, exploring concepts of love, family, communication, and community (with a few unexpected murders in there for good measure, and a zany cast of Suburban Neighbors With Serious Issues). It’s the oddest, most imaginative and most surprising book I’ve read all year, with some of the most brilliant writing (reminded me a bit of Carry the One, stylistically, for those who enjoyed that one). This doesn’t come out until July, but when it does you should JUMP ALL OVER IT and HUG IT and KISS IT andyou knowread it. If you tend to find that literary fiction blends together and that no one is writing anything original anymore- this will restore your faith in contemporary fiction. Amanda Nelson _________________________ The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell I dont know how to quickly summarize Mary Doria Russells The Sparrow except as the beginning of a joke: “Four Jesuit priests, a child prostitute turned computer expert, a doctor, an engineer and an astronomer head off into space” But this book doesnt end with a punchline, more like an emotional punch to the stomach as two competing storylines â€" the tale of the mission to find aliens in Alpha Centuri and the rehabilitation and interrogation of the sole traumatized survivor â€" converge to an emotionally wrecking conclusion that feels inevitable but surprising. I was, and still am, stunned by this book. Kim Ukura _________________________ Total Chaos by Jean-Claude Izzo Europa Press has been translating great non-English fiction for a while now, and often times its the only venue where you can find stuff like Total Chaos, the first book in whats known as the Marseilles Trilogy, by Jean-Claude Izzo. Its a sinewy display of French noir, in which a jazz-listening, chain smoking detective named Fabio Mantale breaks every rule, official or otherwise, in his quest to discover the truth behind the brutal murder of his childhood friends. But the main character isnt the narrator. Its Marseilles itself. The Mediterranean port city is distinct, maybe being comparable to a French Los Angeles. The smells and music, the tense relations between the immigrant community and the entrenched official powers, all serve to make the city itself both a backdrop as well as the hero of the story. The real love affair here isnt between Detective Montale and his various women, but between Izzo and the city of Marseilles. Scott Beauchamp _________________________ The Zero by Jess Walter Jess Walter is quickly becoming one of my favorite writers â€" I loved his 2009 novel The Financial Lives of Poets, and figured I’d pick up this 2006 National Book Award finalist before Walter’s new novel, Beautiful Ruins, comes out in June. The Zero is a brilliant, beautiful novel. It’s about a New York City cop who suffers episodes of memory loss and blackout in the immediate aftermath of 9/11. Part mystery, part Jekyll-and-Hyde-tale, part reflection on the absurdity of certain parts of culture following the terrorist attacks, Walter’s novel is THE BEST novel I’ve read dealing with 9/11. Very highly recommended. Greg Zimmerman Your turn, readers. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Virtue Of Hospitality Homer s Odyssey And The Holy Bible

Virtue of Hospitality Homer is believed to have lived around 8th century B.C. Ironically, Homer’s life coincides with the earliest known manuscript of the Holy Bible, the Codex Amiatinus. Although Homer possibly lived during the rise of very significant biblical prophets such as Amos, Hosea, Zachariah, Isaiah and Jonah, Homer writes his epic poem, The Odyssey, in a strictly pagan method. Both The Odyssey and the Holy Bible praise the virtue of hospitality; however, it is evident that the Ancient Greeks and the Hebrews have contrasting motivations for hospitality. Therefore, it is no surprise that Odysseus’ voyage home was epically arduous. Greeks were famed for establishing and following an abundance of laws. One of their most cherished laws was known as xenia. Xenia was the â€Å"unwritten law† that allowed a stranger to seek shelter in another man’s home. Because of Greece’s vast landscape, and due to their extensive journeys, Greek’s were accustomed to both residing in a stranger’s house and allowing strangers to stay in their own homes. The palaces that Odysseus’ seeks shelter in are chosen not only for their hospitable hosts, but also for their abilities to protect him from his enemies; namely, Poseidon. After barely surviving the wrath of the Earth Shaker and his turbulent seas (Homer 50), Odysseus finally washes up on the shores of Phaecia. While nude and untidy, he encounters the Phaeacian princess, Nausicaa. Despite his condition, Nausicaa graciously informs him

Romantic Love A Roller Coaster - 1283 Words

Imagine yourself just getting strapped in a roller coaster. You’re excited, because it’s a new experience for you. As you begin to exhilarate up your adrenalin begins to pump and your heart is beating rapidly. It’s just like the feeling you get in the start of a new relationship. When it comes to romantic love, it may be as obstacle as a roller coaster however the end result is worth everything. Romantic love brings you happiness, it challenges you, expands your mind to new things and it teaches you life lessons. The first time I ever rode a roller coaster, I Just go back in time to how scared and how anxious it was to get on the new 200 feet drop coaster at Busch Gardens called the Sheikra. But, not really I just didn’t want my friends to think I was chickening out or anything. It was so nerve wrecking. I really just wanted to know what all the excitement and hype was about. Before even riding a roller coaster for the first time I just brainstormed the c razy stories I’ve heard from the most complex things to the more simpler things such as losing your life, being traumatized or simply wanting to go back for another ride because it was just that appealing. Now that you’re thinking about that first time, doesn’t it remind you of that romantic que you felt when you were first falling in love with a guy or hearing someone else romantic stories. Listening to my friends tell me they’re love stories or how great it was falling in love reminds me oh so much. I Just rememberShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Tom And Summer1390 Words   |  6 Pagestwo years. Tom is best considered to be a hopeless romantic, whereas Summer does not believe in the fantasy of love. Summer’s aversion to love stems from her parent’s divorce, but it is the opposite for Tom even though his parents were divorced also. 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Assginment Free Essays

The first individual believe that the root cause of committing a crime is poverty. When a individual has no money and he cannot provide the essential needs for himself or his family (food, clothes, shelter, etc†¦ ) he loses his sense to distinguish between right and wrong which leads to crime (robbery, murder, breaking laws, etc†¦ ). As income levels rise, crime levels often decline proportionately. We will write a custom essay sample on Assginment or any similar topic only for you Order Now People living in poverty commit crimes because, for them, the benefits of stealing something outweigh the risk of getting aught. Also, poor people have high rates of illiteracy and high levels of poverty. A lack of education leaves few opportunities for well-paying Jobs, which increases the likelihood that an individual might succumb to poverty and commit crimes. The effects multiply since one person in a neighborhood who commits a crime sends a message to others in the neighborhood that criminal behavior is acceptable. According to this individual collective society should be punished, not the individual who committed the crime. Collective society is the real culprit because they tolerate unjust societies that allows poverty. Behaviorism theory best describes this explanation. The second individual believe that the root cause of committing a crime is poor parenting, specifically, the failure of some parents to teach their children the values of respect for the law and for the rights of others. Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. Similarly, sexual abuse in childhood often leads these victims to become sexual predators as adults. This individual also thinks that single-parent families are not only more likely to live n poverty, but they also are more likely to commit crime. Children who grow up in adults. According to this individual councils should make greater use of their powers to force violent parents to attend counseling or face court. Psychoanalysis theory best describes this explanation. The third individual believes that the root cause of committing a crime is drug and alcohol abuse. The urge to commit crime to support a drug habit definitely influences the decision process. Both drugs and alcohol impair Judgment and reduce inhibitions, giving a person greater courage to commit a crime. Drugs are related to crime in multiple ways. Most directly, it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and amphetamines). Drugs are also related to crime through the effects they have on the user’s behavior and by generating violence and other illegal activity in connection with drug trafficking. This invalid also believes that alcohol consumption alters three fundamental factors relating to motor vehicle crashes. It decreases driver performance, increases risk-taking behavior and decreases the hence of survival of occupants involved in crashes. According to this individual it is hypocrisy for society to permit alcohol but prohibit heroin as both drugs are dangerous. Alcohol is a greater factor in violent crime than any other drug while nicotine results in many deaths. Drug supply can only be reduced by reducing demand, and demand is caused by poor nutrition and a lack of education and wisdom in matters pertaining to health. The re-deduction of all children in basic dietary needs of the human body is a primary solution to drug addiction. Prisons would not be used as places of punishment, but rehabilitation. The health approach is fare wiser and humane than the severe authoritarian imposition of punishment. Generally we need a more tolerant,informed, educated and less Judgmental approach to drug crime. Punishment usually fails to reform. Treatment of causal factors can accomplish much more. Biological approach theory best describes this explanation. Question 3. ) Pick one of your traits, and explain the influences that both nature and nurture have on it. For example, if you have a short temper, explain its origins in your emetics, your culture and your childhood experiences. One of my major traits is caring. Caring is hereditary in my family. My mom and grandfather are caring. My grandfather was a landlord in Pakistan and he use to do allot for people who were poor, like giving them a free land and telling them not to worry about anything. My mom use to help every one of her relatives and friends in their time of need. I am a caring person since I was born, during my childhood, I use to care allot for my family including my parents, grandparents, siblings, and my friends by doing little things for them. For example, my sister and I use to share a bed and blanket, and in the middle of the night, she would take the whole blanket to herself in her sleep and I would let her sleep with the blanket while I sleep without it. So, caring is in my nature, it’s how I am. My personality of caring nurtured while growing up. I went a level up in caring and made caring my profession by becoming a nurse (LIP). Now not only care for my family and friends I also care for my patients. I am proud to care for people who are in need of medical help and I am glad to help hem. I also have three children now and I show them that I care for them by homecomings all three of them. I work four to five days a week, twelve hours per day, Just for them, so that they can have a good childhood and life ahead. Question 4. ) People sometimes wonder how any pregnant woman could Jeopardize the health of her fetus. Consider your own health-related behavior in the past month†¦ Exercise, sleep, nutrition, drug use, medical and dental care, disease avoidance and so on. Would you change your behavior if you were pregnant? Would t make a difference if your family, your partner, or you yourself did not want a baby? Whole lifestyle. I would eat healthy, do exercises that are good and healthy for me and the baby, sleep on time and if I was taking any unhealthy drugs I would stop, basically I would not Jeopardize the baby’s life under any circumstances. If I had any bad habits like smoking or drinking alcohol I would try my best to leave all my bad habits and take care of the baby. No, it would not make a difference if my family, my partner, or l, myself did not want a baby. I would still care for it and take care of it. How to cite Assginment, Papers

Essay Management and Organizations in a Global Environment

Question: Write an essay on "Management and Organization in a Global Environment". Answer: 1. Introduction The most predominant factor in the organizational culture is that mangers need to interconnect and they need to collaborate. The effect of globalization in the organization impacts varies with the function that is provided in each organization. The globalization of the organization affects and its impacts will differ from the function of the organization. The basis of the organization is to globalized the technology, product specification, design, marketing mix, promotion and through customer support. Organizational culture is not determined by its structure rather its employees and staffs determine it. The role of management in the organizational structure is the key structure (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture involves the vision, values, norms and the behaviors of the organization. In most places the culture of the organization has shown evolution over years. It is highly influenced by the leaders who formed in the organization in its critical moments. It involves that culture cannot be replaced with simple upgrade or through major efforts. Neither can it be swapped out. The culture of the organization should represent the advantage of the company through its components. The culture need to be persistent and consistent. It should include the types of conditions that these trains dominant. The companies need to involve programs through which employees can acknowledge and reward the employees this in return helps to support customers (Shafritz et al., 2015). Change behavior and mind-sets will follow- The change in behavioral change which follows with the shifts in the mentality. The change in the behavior involves the change in the behavior of the individual through initiating a new service to the customers this in returns helps to gain the customers reputation and confidence (Reilly et al., 2014). The authentic informal leaders are not recognized widely in an organization, they are often overlooked. The identification of such leaders are overlooked and in deriving the culture of the organization. The identification of such individuals is necessary through survey, interviews, and some tools like network analysis of the organization (Chatman et al., 2013). Figure 1 profile of organizational culture 2. The concept of organizational culture Culture is the collective program, which is used as to distinguish the two members of the category. In national culture the category here is the nation. On the other hand in organizational culture depends on the organization comparing with other organizations. Organizational culture depends upon the employees of the organization and their relation with each other. Organization culture differentiates the difference between the works of one organization with the outside world. The change in the culture of the organization deals with the environment in the sake of survival. Business has exceeded the limit in respect of the complexity and the speed. On the other hand the challenge is the bringing of new economy in the market for the managers. It can call as new business approach and the change in the organization and adoption of the market demand globally (Pieterse, 2015). Every organization has different organizational culture and management along with its unique personality. The values strongly influence the people of the organization along with the organizational culture. It is the system which elaborates the values, assumptions and beliefs which has strong influence on the employees of the organization and observe the performance of their job. Every organization maintains and provides guidelines about its unique culture which has give boundaries for the members of the culture of the organization. Culture of the organization evolves over time to establish the different patterns of the behavior and belief in helping it interpret and interact with the world. The culture of the organization is dynamic which changes the circumstances which can lead to a new pattern in the behavior and the ideologies to give a rise of new belief and values for different languages and consumptions (Alvesson, 2016). Figure2 Global Leadership can create innovation and change for organization Organizational Culture defines by the parameters of the group in terms of language, boundaries, concepts and ideologies. It provides the basis of allocation through power, status, respect rewards and punishments, which monitors the external environment and responds accordingly to the environment. The culture of the organization represents the personality influencing on the satisfaction f the employee and the organizational success. If the organization has weak culture employees waste time in their findings of what they need to do and what not. Managers are the one who make the employee understand about the importance of the organizational culture. However, few of them fail to make them understand about its importance (Ostroff, 2014). Culture of the organization is the personality of the organization. Culture of a corporation with high profit will be different from that of a hospital. Culture of corporate highly depends upon the management, which in return comes as when the culture of the organization is strong then managers takes the lead in enabling the shape and support of it. The managers who spend much of their time in thinking about values, rituals and major job lies in managing the value of the conflict and the flow of the daily events are often called as symbolic managers (Bschgens et al., 2013). 3. Managements Responsibility The organization culture does not consist of a define culture. It can vary from year to year. Mangers are the one who takes care of the organization and has the responsibility of all levels of management. Mangers value the trust and employment along with delegation which makes constant and mentorship approach. The efficiency of the managers depends upon the culture that they establish in an organization. Management acts as in important part in initiating the culture. The culture of every organization has different approach in different countries. The adoption of the culture depends upon the countries and its norms and regulation. Management need to adopt culture according to the country. Employees of each country have different belief in religion, community, organization they need to act upon that. But the goal of the management in all the organizational culture should be same. It is difficult for every management to establish the disciplinary role which could be difficult in the est ablishment of the interpersonal relationship with other employee. It is because of the fact that employees see the managers as a figure of authority as the primary concern and coworker as the secondary one. Though, the approach more depends on the size of the organization in different culture. For example, a owner of a small-business main focus is on the team bonding among the employees and that organization need a manger who can work directly with the employee and makes the ambience more adoptable for team bonding. The mangers need to be versatile as well as adaptable with the required changes. Culture is the most important feature in the practice and performance of the public sectors in the organizations. But, the role of managements creates the shape and influence in the organizational culture (Reisyan, 2016). Figure3 organizational creation and the maintenance A manger of a developing country needs to adopt a culture where they can reward the employees who need to display the qualities of the company. Rewarding of the employees ensures a proper structure of the organization as the value that the management gives to the employees as it enables to maintain standards. Managers need to value the trust, empowerment and consistency of the organization (Hu et al., 2012). 3.1 Trust and Trustworthiness Management need to have honest approach with their staff, stakeholders and suppliers. Though, that depend upon the management of different organization for example if the organization consist of management which are incompetent then it wont be considered as trustworthy. Trust of an organization includes the ability to take the risk as trust would make an individual vulnerable in the action of others. The establishment of trust can occur once that manager keeps all his words in actions. When the opportunities in the field of empowerment improve then automatically the attitude of the employee along with the organization becomes more effective in their approach. The management irrespective of all organization needs to adopt more effective system of the support and the opportunity to learn more (Kramer Elsbach, 2014). Figure 4 Building the organization trust 3.2 Delegation The approach of the management system which is considered as important criteria in organizational culture is the delegation. Employees need to understand the behavior as well the rules that are expected to origin within an organization. Management should involve the guidelines in the indication of the steps in the process of disciplinary. Employees need to provide with the reactions like hard work rather than making the feeling at any partiality. The management can involve the culture of rewarding the employee according to their full attendance on a month. Management should make that a point that rewards should be provided to employees who are fair and equitable. If the trust of the employee diminishes then employee satisfaction would also diminish (Nica, 2013). Figure 5 Rewards that employees need to take 3.3 Mentorship The organization culture should consist of the efficiency of the management regarding its mentorship. Managements mentorship would highly depend upon the effectiveness of the management. It is the responsibility of the management to provide with the information about the good and bad related with it. They need to provide them guidelines for the same. The organizations culture can become effective with the active participation of the management providing with effective and efficient culture within employees (Hu et al., 2014). They need to give them knowledge about all the necessary actions and train them so that they become effective with time. The role of the management is the most important part in making the employees get accustomed with the culture. The more the employees get adopted with the organization the more productivity they provide in terms of their work. Figure 6 the role of Mentors 3.4 Empowerment Empowerment deals with the process of others, which enables to do something. An effective management enables the employees to actively participate in the process. It helps to ignite a sense of problem solving among the employees. The organization should have same approach for different employees. A successful management can involve tp provide a sense of pride among employees through enabling their efficiency. The culture of the organization depends upon the decisions that they make on different approach. Culture of the organization can best establish from the management. The effectiveness of the management deals with the enabled of the people to complete their work (Choi et al., 2014). Figure 7 Stages of Employee Empowerment 3.5 Consistency The organizational culture need to adopt the importance of consistency. The maintaining of consistency includes structure, shared values, mission, management philosophies and other aspects. Flexibilities need to include the culture of organization through management. The flexibility is needed when the structure, shared values, mission need to be revised. To manage the organization management needs to be consistent in their decisions and plans. An inconsistent management can lead to build unnecessary coalition, tension and distrust to the employees for management and the organization (Wang Choi, 2013). Figure 8 Consistency in Direct Support of the Managers 4. Organizational culture in the age of globalization The theme of the globalization is widely argued for both the supporters as well as opponents each of the group try to give support on the arguments. The advantage and the drawbacks of globalization attached with the organization depend on the economic and the political situation of the society. Globalization can be defined as the free activities of the capital which is convoyed through the increasing supremacy of the global market of finance. The organization culture has different approach in the global environment. Organizational culture depends on the efficiency of the management. Management on the other hand enables the adaptability of various organizations but that depends upon each global environment (Pieterse, 2015). The global environment plays a vital role in changing the company and the results need to be positive. The involvement of globalization in the organizational culture enables to increase the performance, higher the moral of the employee of the business and ensure greater profit. The changes of the global environment depend on the survival and the success of the business. Globalization on the organizational culture adopts some measures of the corporation to understand it in a better way (Markovic, 2012). Figure 9 Globalization for more effective organizational culture 4.1. Mentality The business or the organization takes the attitudes and mentality involved in the leaderships. Transitions can be smooth only if the organization changes adopted through calm focused along with clear goals and commitments. Management of transitioning in the global venture should be flexible and consistent they need to adopt policies so that they can calm under pressure. The culture of the organization at the time of global expansion needs to possess a vision which would be long term. They need to communicate with the employees so that they can able to put changes in terms of actions (Camilleri, 2015). Figure 10 increasing of employee communication in corporate 4.2. Market Market advanced in the fields of transportation, technology and trade agreements and initiates a new world for the opportunities of the products and the service. The organizational culture need to adopt the demand of the marketplace globally and need to open the office premises and assign the managers in various locations accordingly. The expansion through globally can make to develop the strategies and the resources so that they could exploit the opportunities of opening the stores, creation of ad campaigns and the utilization of the local resource to remain competitive. Departments can diversify the needs of diverse cultures, demands of the market, languages and the resource available (Karyotakis, Moustakis, 2016). 4.3. Managers The organization need to consider the mergers and alliance with other global companies. The company needs to expand the global network to guide the company through the new channels and we will trade it. Acquisitions and joint ventures help to initiate a strong position in global environment. For example the working with the employees can accustomed only with the daytime working hours. The organization need to initiate a culture of flexibility, which can be maintained through maintaining the relationships with the different zones of time (Awadh Alyahya, 2013). Figure 11 Different analysis that managers need to implement 4.4 Management Management of the global workforce need to develop a new skills and maintain a communication which is clear in a new division. Resources need to mange in a different manner which requires new sets of skills in different departments. The shifts of the priorities can enable to reduce the selection of the staff, which are in-house. Human resource needs to initiate mangers that are efficient in the development of skills through enabling new technology in hiring and benefits of the employees and pay scales (Karyotakis Moustakis, 2016). 5. Challenges of organizational culture The change in the culture of the organization is one the most difficult challenge in the program of leadership. It is mainly because of the fact that organizations culture mainly comprise of goals, process, values and the communication process, practices and attitude. The function of change in the system would reinforce to involve the attempt of change. The changes in the single-fix such as the involvement of the team or the knowledge management can make the process for a while but at the end the interlocking elements of the organization take over nd change the present culture of the organization. Modify of the culture is a large-scale responsibility which at the end the managerial tools for the varying mind need to be put in the play. The given study discussed that the most important strategy is the involvement fo the leadership tools which includes a story and vision of the near future which would take place in the management tool. The change would include in the definitions of the role and measurements and the control system (Senge, 2014). Globalization refers to the procedure for the international involvement in diverse fields of economic, technological and cultural. The presence of globalization in the organizational culture enables to initiate a number of challenges and opportunities in the organizations. Globalization can be formed through the socio-economic involvement of several countries in the movement human resource, commodities, capital and ideas. The globalization has made an impact in various aspect of the organizational culture through the changes in structure, leadership and planning strategy. The culture depends on several factors, which are associated with it such as cross cultural differences and developing of global management. There are many challenges which an organizational culture faces in global environment (Par et al., 2014). The first challenge that organization face on culture threatens the corporate culture increasingly. Organizations need to face the challenge in establishing the corporate culture along with the demands of global culture. It enables to impose challenges in several domains of the organization such as in the strategies of human resource and the increase the sensitivity in diverse culture. It is one of the significance in the challenge of the organizations as they align with the organizational culture with the global trends; this in return threatens the unification in the corporate culture, which is an important factor in the success of the organization. The challenges lie in the fact to balance the demands of the culture of the corporate with the organizational level and the culture of global trends. Therefore, it shows that globalization threatens the fundamental values of the organization along with the norms and the disposition that makes the existence of the firm (Wiewiora et al., 2 013). The next challenge attached with the globalization individualism. It shows that in global approach the organization culture in some places can appear as relatively individualistic with greater emphasis on the personal requirements and the welfare. Though, we know that in the organizational culture the most important aspect is to develop the unity and mangers should develop teamwork among the members. Therefore, the approach of individualism effects the working culture of the organization to the great extends (Tong et al., 2015). The third challenge, which comes, is on the parochialism. The international operations in an organization depend on the environment, which is different from the organization where it originally based. This affects the overall employees working for the organization. The employees involved into a culture of citizen and country, which is different from their own. It could make the employees to forget the difference between their own culture and that of others. Even if they dont then they make an conclusion that impact of the difference is significant (Leal-Rodrguez et al., 2014). The challenge, which comes next, is on ethnocentrism. It becomes a significant barrier in the adaption of organization culture through globalization. It occurs when the employees starts to think that the culture of their homeland conditions are the best. However, type of self reference criterion is natural and it interferes with the understanding of the human behavior in the culture of others and obtains productivity from the employees who are local. The globalization in organizational culture, need to understand the social systems which are local, international workforce along with the cultural understanding of the local conditions (Ngwenyama Nielsen, 2014). The next comes is on the cultural differences in the organization which comes because of globalization. It helps for an organizational culture to adopt differences through globalization. The difference of organizational culture in global environment can range from minimal to substantial. The amount of distance, which creates in the organizational culture, does not affect the responses of the people to the business. The problems enlarge as the cultural differences gets more (Hu et al., 2012) Another cultural difference that an organization needs to face is to suffer from the cultural shock. It creates insecurity and disorientation through the encountering of diverse culture. The employees because of the globalization in the culture of the organization can fear to lose face and lowers the self Confidence or can have emotional effect. Some employees sometimes can isolate themselves or leave the organization (Engelen et al., 2014). 6. Overcoming of the barriers The strong evidence need to move on the foreign assignments to recognize the foreign assignments in understanding the organizational culture and adaptable. The selection of the employees needs to adopt the performance of the cultures of the organization in their home country. The concern of the parochial, ethnocentric belief, and individualistic which might not concern about the fact of doing business with the people of traditional beliefs are different from their own. In organizational culture, the global approach will enable to know of the regional languages and the employees could have little interest in becoming the part of the community. There are a number of steps, which an organization can undertake in preventing the cultural shock and it also reduce the impact of other barriers (Bartsch et al., 2013). 6.1 Careful selection Employees need to get selected who are low in ethnocentrism. The employees can adopt with the global organizational culture if they have the desire to experience the culture of other countries or they grow up in another organization (Townley, 2014). 6.2 Compatible Assignments The adjustment in the other organizational culture can be adopted if the adjustments of the new country becomes to easy for the employees if they send to countries which are similar to their native country (Fullan, 2014). 6.3 Pre-departure Training The organizations need to include in the foreign country through encouraging the employees to learn the local languages. Training should be included before the start of the assignment. That should include orientation in the geography, culture, customs and political environment where employees are going to live (Wick et al., 2015). Figure 12 Employee Training 6.4 Orientation and support in new country The management should involve the policy through the encouragement of global organizational culture is to for the arrival of the new country. The effort should involve helping the employees and families to get settled. It could involve through the organizations assistance in terms of housing, shopping or transportation (Nembhard Tucker, 2016). 6.5 Incentives and guarantees Another problem which arise because of the adaptability of another culture is intensifies with the need of the deficiencies. It enables that need for satisfaction is not same with the employees who stay in their home country. Managements need to involve motivations for the employees along with the extra pay and benefits to compensate for the troubles that they experience. Management need to involve with better position in the organization that would create relieve from their tension in job insecurities (Nembhard Tucker, 2016). 7. International public and private sector management in cultural management The organization needs to adopt the culture so that they qualify all the needs of the environment. The concept of the culture of the organization can better understood with more clear understanding with the global environment. Here, the analysis of the organizational culture will be based on various countries. It will help us to understand the different culture that exist globally. The three countries of Australia, Canada and United Kingdom has taken fopr the analysis of the developments in their culture. 7.1 Australia The management of the public sectors in Australia prefers to operate in the organizational culture of private sectors. They prefer the external orientation rather than an internal approach. A research is taken for this approach for the mangers in the public sector of Australia state of Queensland. The public sector of Australia has gone through an ample number of changes over the last twenty years. The reason behind such reconstructing is due to number of factors which includes the overall broad process of the reform of public sectors in Australia. A major change appeared in the Queensland in terms of change of the Government as the previous political party ruled the country for about thirty-two consecutive years. The changed government brought changes that have been achieved in the federal level. The mangers were encouraged to make a change of the organizational culture adopting similar policies from the private sector organizations which are successful (Harrison Baird, 2014). The reformation of the culture made the management to pursue the culture, which is different from the bureaucratic model of the culture, as such culture was associated previously. The research further found that the public sector of Queensland dominates the culture, which reflects more on rules and regulations with lesser amount of flexibility. The leaders are engaged in providing empowerment and demonstrate the positive behavior, which support the value as well the contribution of the staff. Staff is also confident in leaders and the employer has delivered pride in their service. It contributes that all the employees of the organization need to treat each other with respect (Shafritz et al., 2015). 7.2 Canada The organizational culture of Canada focuses more on the values and behavior along with the tendency to gain trust and confidence of the public. Canada initiated a number of repots to reinforce the values and ethics attached with the organizational culture. Organizations which can expect and respond to the challenges modifications of the key functions, coordination and alignment of the effort, learning from the experience through the inside and the outside of the institution through reformation (Paulin et al., 2015). The organization culture of public sectors in the public sectors involves different approaches, traditions and capabilities of every function. It also establishes different balance and the trade-offs associated with the functions. The given study suggests that the country need to develop some common norms. The complexity in the public sectors of the Canada increases the demand for institutional leader who seeks for the identity, corporate initiatives, coordination and higher values. Skillful leadership helps to take an advantage from the risk and they can indulge new values for the organization and can move the institution in the new planned instructions. The inclusion of such leadership into the countrys organizational culture can create a sense of the mission and represent the institution for the external as well as the internal audiences and could defend the integrity to key stakeholders (Barbera, 2014). Figure 13 Organizational change 7.3 United Kingdom The change of the culture in the UK forms through the civil service culture which took place in the year of 1980s. The election of the government of Thatcher in UK has made an attempt to change the perception for the inward as well as the inefficient culture of the administration (Wang Rafiq, 2014). The four stage need to describe for the better understanding of the process: Satge1: Unfreeze/destroy of the old culture It is one of the significant degree for the new government to the civil service. Attempts were made to make things clear that traditional way in organizational culture is no longer acceptable. New culture defines the way in the de-privilege of the civil service and the cutting of the staffs was introduced. Stage2: Introduction of the new ideas- The theory of public choice was influential in the initial stages for the introduction of the new theory. It elaborates the justification of the changes and ensures how the culture of the organization would be organized and run. To involve it they introduce market-oriented as well as managerial approach. Ownership was involved in the departments rather than involving in the centre. Stage3: Systematic apply of the new ideas- The stage involves the involvement of the model through the formation of the basis in the new culture. For example Accountable management is expressed as Financial A management initiative which provide the model for the new organizational culture. Stage4: Re-freeze the new culture- The involvement of the new culture of the organization ensures the culture which becomes the normal pattern of the working life. The Thatcher government connected with the re-freezing with the fewer amounts of new initiatives. Again, in the same way the change in the part of the ministers which becomes the value in more traditional skills of the civil servants. So, the culture has a change in two-way process. 7.4 asUSA In USA to detect the organizational culture the OCAI or the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument is used by the organizations. The programs includes in OCAI which requires the individuals to respond on several dimensions. The steps which included in OCAI are firstly on diagnosis and consensus for the present. Secondly it includes the steps for diagnosis and consensus for the future the third steps includes the meaning of it and in forth it illustrates the stories. In the fifth steps strategic actions and steps are mentioned while in the sixth an implementation plan has indulged in it. It includes various theory, practice and research which indicate the effectiveness of the organization. The assessment could be use for any organizations which strives to improve the outcomes which includes the financial performance and the customer satisfaction (Barbera, 2014). 8. Conclusions Organizational cultures revolve around all the values and beliefs that need to follow. Organization culture plays a very vital role in establishing the corporate functions. In order to grow the organization need to develop an identity and internal behavior. The mangers act as an important role in facing the change which mange the team of the workers in the difficult conditions for the uncertainty and the adaptation in a permanent way. Management can make the organizational culture more effective through implementing the policies and programs. The organizational culture need to face vivid amount of challenges in their culture. Effective actions and the decisions of the mangers are necessary to overcome from such obstacles. Different country has different organizational culture. 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The genre of Daniel as apocalypse

Introduction Scholars have recognized apocalyptic literature has a distinct class of works since the time of Friedrich Lucke in the early 19th century. However, this field has not progressed like other fields of study i.e. there is a general lack of pseudepigrapha. At the same time, there are also other factors that have hindered the progress in this field.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, there has been confusion with regard to the use of the word apocalyptic to refer to a collection of literary, social and phenomenological elements. Scholars like Koch, Stone, and Hanson agree that genre of apocalypse should be separated from the apocalypticism and apocalyptic eschatology. Second, Bible scholars did not clearly recognize and label the apocalypse genre in the ancient history. The use of the term apocalypse seems to have originated f rom the last book of the Bible in the New Testament, Revelation. In this context, scholars used the term to refer to a class of writing among the Jewish literature. Third, Jewish apocalypses joined various and distinct literary styles, such as vision, prayers and legends, among others. This has made some scholars claim that the apocalypse is not literary genre but a mixture of compositions (Collins 1998). The literature of Daniel contains full-blown elements of apocalyptic literature in the Bible. Consequently it has received far more attention than any other Jewish apocalypse, but its special status has not always been beneficial. Likewise, scholars have a tendency to view Daniel as the typical example of apocalypse, although, in fact, it represents only itself. On the other hand, there is even now a spirited attempt to separate the canonical book of Daniel from the rest of the apocalypse genre. Attempts to dismiss the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s imitators should b y now be dismissed. There are, however, differences between Daniel apocalypses and other traditions of apocalypse literature like Enoch, some apparent and some real, which require consideration. Some Bible scholars argue that the place of the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible was because the author presented the work when the writers had closed the prophetic canon.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to them, the significant question is whether or not Daniel belongs with the other prophetic books. Consequently, they have concluded that Daniel is not a prophetic book but an apocalypse and the only one with the full examples in the Hebrew Bible. The genre of Daniel as apocalypse When we take the book of Daniel as a whole, it is an apocalypse book. Specifically, it belongs to the category of historical apocalypse. This category of apocalypse does not involve othe r worldly journey, but uses the strategy of ex eventu prophecy (this is a presentation of previous events as future prophecy) of history and eschatology that is cosmic in scope and has a political dimension. The book gives the revelation in the form of allegorical visions in chapters 7 and 8. It also presents angelic discourses from chapter 9 to 12. Then the angel interprets the visions. The content of the revelation has a review of history in the guise of prophecy and an eschatological crisis in each unit. Daniel 12 explicitly speaks of the resurrection of the dead. The book shows the importance of the heavenly world in the vision of the divine throne in chapter 7 and, the roles of angels and holy ones in chapter 7 and 8 and explicitly in chapter 10 to 12. Daniel combines a number of revelations, each of which we can regard as an apocalypse in itself. Apocalypse is a macro-genre which provides the frame holding various smaller forms together. The narrative framework shows the overa rching unity of Daniel, which establishes Daniel’s identity in chapters 1 to 6 and in chapter 12. In addition, the use of the narrative framework presents a collection of compositions and writings that authors created for different purposes, and in different settings. The use of collection of stories creates unusual genre in Daniel. The ideological tensions between the stories and the subsequent revelations enhance a sense of distinction in Daniel. However, the final form of Daniel shows that these stories simply act as the introduction to the revelations. The dominant form of the whole book is apocalypse. While the subgenres of chapter 1 to 6 are quite distinct from those of 7 to 12, there are some significant continuity in both form and content.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors present Daniel in the tales as a recipie nt of revelations and as a skilled interpreter of dreams and mysteries. Chapters 7 to 12 present revelations, but Daniel is no longer the interpreter. There are affinities in content between the four-kingdom passages in chapters 2 and 7, and the miraculous deliverances in chapter 3 and 6 are relevant to the situations described in chapter 11. The apocalyptic forms in chapter 7 to 12 represent a new development over and beyond the dream interpretation of chapter 2, and the motifs that carry over from the tales do not determine either the form or the message of the revelations. Only in the case of Daniel 9 can we speak of a midrash. The attempt to present the revelations simply as an outgrowth of the tales is an apologetic strategy intended to mitigate the supposed scandal of pseudonymity. In fact, pseudonymity is a constant feature of the Jewish apocalypses. The classification of Daniel as an apocalypse is full of theological implications. The significance of the genre label is that it points to a context for the interpretation of the individual text. In the case of Daniel, pseudepigraphic works provide the generic context of the various apocalypses in 1 Enoch, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch. After these, there is no clear case of another apocalypse in the Hebrew Bible. This analysis is not an attempt to disregard the other valuable literary works of the biblical traditions. However, we can only draw the analogies of Daniel with those of Joseph, or the impacts of Zechariah and Ezekiel on the use of vision in the Bible. All in all, the whole literature of Daniel finds its best parallels in the Pseudepigrapha, and it is in that context that we must understand its literary conventions and function. In short, Daniel cannot be adequately interpreted within the context of the canon alone. The work of Daniel gained prominent in the past. Consequently, some scholars tried to avoid this conclusion by dismissing the non-canonical apocalypses as Daniel’s â€Å"second-rate i mitators.† However, late studies reveal that several parts of 1 Enoch are likely to be older than the revelations of Daniel, and there is surely no reason to regard a book like 4 Ezra as â€Å"second-rate.† When we take due account of the genre, then such matters as pseudonymity and ex eventu prophecy are no longer theological problems, but conventions which indicate the nature and function of the book.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The successions and the world empires in Daniel Arnaldo Momigliano has significantly studied the connection between the literature of Daniel and the Greek world. Momigliano looks at the issue of how Daniel used the Greek historiography in his Biblical works. First, we must show that the concept of imperial succession existed in Greek historiography. In fact, succession is a recurring theme in Greek literature. We can look at successions from Herodotus and Ctesias. These successions exist in history of Asia in the empires of Persia and Assyria, among others (Niskanen 2004). We can recognize the contact between the book of Daniel and the Roman and Greek historiographic tradition with the four-kingdom pattern in the second book of Daniel, which contains the four images of metals which decrease with worth. Scholars argue that these images could be Greek in origin. The records of these metals are in Hesiod who talks of four ages as four metals with decreasing worth together with the fift h age of heroes. In addition, the four metals are in the arrangements that are similar to the one we see in Daniel. Meaning behind the imagery of the metals shows the declining age in human history is the same as the meaning in the vision and dream of Daniel. These connections and interpretations show that it is during the time of Nebuchadnezzar or Neo-Babylonian Empire that as the age in which human history declines. However, the interpretation of the dream vision does not imply this conclusion. The setting of book of Daniel Apocalypse discussion must separate between the ostensible setting of the text and the real setting in which the writers composed and used the text. The ostensible setting of Daniel is in the Exile during the 6th century. These events occur at the successive kingdoms of Babylon, Media, and Persia (LaSor 1996). In Daniel 1-6, the setting creates a paradigmatic setting to show how Jews can preserve their religious integrity in the service of Gentile kings. The mo st probable time of composition of these stories is the third or early second century B.C. The four kingdom sequence, which is explicit in Daniel 2, and implied by the introduction of Darius the Mede before Cyrus of Persia, points to a date in the Hellenistic period (under the Greek kingdom). The allusion to intermarriage in 2:43 most probably refers to one of the dynastic marriages between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. The Greek names of instruments in Daniel 3 also suggest the Hellenistic period. Since there is no clear allusion to Antiochus Epiphanes in the tales, we must assume that the author composed the book before the events of his reign. It is likely that the tales of Daniel had a long prehistory. Scholars suggest that the origin of traditions in the literature of Daniel seems to be in the eastern Diaspora. However, whether or not these traditions attained their present status there or in Judea are less certain. There are no doubts that the author composed the revelation s in Judea, and so we must assume that travelers brought the tales from the Diaspora during some times in history. We can specify the setting of Daniel evidently with the wise teachers who play a crucial role in Daniel 11. As we have noted above, the book identifies Daniel as a wise teacher in chapter 1. Wise teachers are the heroes of persecution, and they will shine like the stars in the resurrection (12:3) (Longman and Raymond 2006). Scholars the Bible suggest that the book of Daniel shows continuity between different chapters, and the circles that wrote the visions, particularly chapter 1-6. The fact that Daniel and his companions were wise teachers supports this idea. Therefore, the heroes in chapter 11 relate to the heroes of the Exile. While the tales are congruent with the visions in significant respects (the deliverance from death, the idea of mysterious revelation), it is not apparent that the wise teachers of the Maccabean era would have picked up the older Diaspora tales if they were not conscious of continuity with the origins of these tales. Therefore, we may suppose then that the authors of the visions had education, and indeed the visions show a better knowledge of Hellenistic history and familiarity with ancient mythological imagery. By virtue of their education they presumably belonged to the urban upper class, although they were not necessarily wealthy. The visions show a greater affinity with the prophetic tradition than do the tales, especially in the development of the vision form and interest in apocalyptic eschatology. The shift in interest is presumably due to the new situation and does not require a change in the makeup of the group. Some scholars have also argued for the influence from the Leviticus circles with a strongly Deuteronomy theology. Some scholars like Lebram propose different ways of looking at the teachers as wise men or scribes. Lebram argues that it is priestly circles in Jerusalem that wrote the book of Daniel and the ir focuses were mainly in the Hellenistic reform. In this context, Lebram’s main argument is that the temple plays a central role in Daniel and that the disruption of the cult is the author’s primary concern (Collins 1998). In addition, Lebram notes that the periods in history and the scope of the book have the characteristics of priestly work. This thesis fits well with other scholars like Steck who note that the tales originated in the Jerusalem theocracy, but these two claims are independent of each other. However, Lebram claim is not apparent. Therefore, we cannot conclude that temples dominated Daniel’s visions to the extent that Lebram claims. The great vision in chapter 7 does not even refer to it explicitly. The profanation of the temple by Antiochus imprinted itself on the minds of all Jews of the age. We cannot conclusively write that only priests had interests in recording historic periods or cosmic chronology. We can establish this in chapter 11 by i dentifying priestly characteristics of the wise teachers. We can identify elements of cultic language in connection with the deaths of priests, but the characterization of the wise teachers emphasizes their wisdom and their role as teachers. Intentions in the apocalypse of Daniel The intention of Daniel in its historical setting is surely to exhort and console the faithful Jews in the face of persecution. The narrations in Daniel 1-6 clearly show that intention, particularly the story of the fierce fire and the lions’ den. However, the original setting gives us the life of Diaspora that demonstrates how we can combine fidelity to the Jewish law and service of the king. The content of the exhortation is complete fidelity to the Jewish law, even at the risk of death. This message is constant throughout the book. Daniel and his companions, as well as the wise teachers clearly demonstrate this concept. The message in Daniel’s book acquires complete new meaning. The wise te achers give their lives to the service of the Lord, and the tales arouse a sense of wonder and miraculous happenings. This suggests that fidelity, even at the risk of death, may be the key to the advancement and success. Daniel and his companions must believe in a supernatural world of angels we see through visions and dreams. This idea suggests that human beings can only get solutions to their problems from the supernatural world. However, the ultimate solution is not preservation from death but rather resurrection and exaltation in an afterlife (Niskanen 2004). In the Book of Daniel, the Kingdom of God defines human history and set ups. In Daniel 2, we see that it is God who removes kings and sets up kings (2:21). It is only the wise teachers such as Daniel who can understand such revelations. These tales show us that, in the end, God will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed or left to anybody (2:44). However, God is giving human beings a chance to dominate the world kin gdoms. The visions reveal that the human kingdoms rebel against God but the wise teachers confirm the divine sovereignty through their revelations. God gives the kingdom to â€Å"the people of the saints of the Most High.† The formulation here suggests that there is another dimension to human history. Humanity will receive the kingdom in a heavenly judgment, and the â€Å"saints† or angels play a role in it. The setting of the book of Daniel reflects an exile setting. This setting plays a significant role in apocalypse literature. It conceals the real historical situation beneath the crisis happenings of the past. This technique helps scholars to put the present into analysis perspective. The exile setting provides the occasion for an ex eventu prophecy. In this context, the prophets have foretold the prophecy and thus predetermined the events. The fictitious setting also opens the book up to repeated applications, long after the crisis under Antiochus Epiphanes had pa ssed. Ultimately the book addresses not only one particular crisis but a recurring type. For instance, we can interpret the prophecy of the four kingdoms such that the fourth was not Greece but Rome. This suggests that historical interpretation cannot exhaust the setting, and function of the apocalypse by a single historical referent. Classification of apocalypse literature of Daniel In 1980, Klaus Koch reviewed the literature of Daniel and listed a minimum of five categories that scholars often propose as the overall classification of Daniel. These classifications include the legend, court tale, midrash, and aretalogical narrative. These categories depend on different aspects and levels of the stories. However, in Koch’s classification, he forgot to mention the broadest and most basic genre of these chapters: the story or tale. We can define a story or a tale as a narrative that creates interest by arousing tension or suspense and resolving it. Koch may have forgotten this c ategory because it is so obvious and usually ignored (Niskanen 2004). Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not history. This assumption does not rest on the mistaken allusions to Belshazzar as king of Babylon or to Darius the Mede. This is because inaccuracy is compatible with the genre of history writing. Rather it rests on two observations. First, critical analysis reveals that the stories show stereotypical patterns common in the folklore of the world. In this context, the aim of folklore is not capturing historical data but rather to pleasing, evaluating, inspiring and moving people. Therefore, historical accuracy is incidental and not necessary element of this genre. Second, stories frequently introduce marvelous elements, such as the writing on the wall or the transformation of Nebuchadnezzar, which suggest that their purpose is to inspire the wonders rather than to record facts. Occasional use of hymns enhances this impression, which expresses appreciation of wonders. These stories often have elements of fairy tales. The use of marvelous elements to inspire wonder is the point of analogy between the tales in Daniel and the legend. Legend is a traditional narrative set in a mysterious world of fantasy, provoking sympathy for the principal figure. The crucial element here is the prominence of the fantasy world. No one would argue that the narratives of Daniel as they now stand are legend. This is because their narrative world is predominantly realistic. However, they contain legend-type motifs, such as the writing on the wall. Several of these stories may have evolved from earlier forms, particularly in the case of Daniel 4. The mysterious world of fantasy is also directly relevant to two other categories, the legend and the aretalogical narrative. We may define legend as a narrative primarily concerned with the wonderful experiences and aimed at edification. It has no specific structure as such and is not primarily concer ned with narrative interest. It often inculcates wonder and dread for holy places or respect for individuals who may be models of virtue. Some scholars provide a narrower definition of legends about Biblical occurrences. A legend is a narrative, which expresses a virtue embodied in a deed and focuses on the element of imitation. These scholars have taken the stories of Daniel 1-6 as a case in point. They portray the virtue of fidelity embodied in a variety of deeds, and focus on a call in going and doing likewise (Zuck 1991). The focus on imitation serves to delimit the works by exclusion of, e.g., cult legends. The authors imply the call for imitation clearly enough in Daniel 1, 3, and 6. It is not apparent, however, that when Daniel interprets the king’s dream or deciphers the writing on the wall anyone can meaningfully be expected to go and do likewise. Conversely, all the stories that fall under the broader category of narratives focus on the wonderful and aim at edificat ion. The fact that some of the stories focus on heroic individuals, particularly in Daniel chapters 3 and 6, reflect characteristics of those legends that illustrate the lives of the saints (Zuck 1991). The aretalogical narrative and legend are close to each other since both of them focus on wonderful and miraculous acts. However, scholars accept legend in that designation than aretalogical narrative. The relative simplicity of these stories characterizes them as legends rather than as novellas, which typically involve subplots and interweaving motifs. Some scholars argue that the distinct designation martyr legend in Daniel 3 and 6 is not appropriate since the stories do not involve martyrdom. However, it is apparent that the difference between legend and aretalogical novella is almost negligible. They conclude that aretalogical novella is an elaborate legend narrated artfully. The court tale is different among the categories of genres in Daniel. It delimits the category of a story or tale by referring to a given setting. Court tale shows the story of adventures at the royal court. Court tale also has different subtypes of court tales that we can distinguish by variations in plots. We can find these plots in other folktales. However, in situations where there are no court settings, we can find these tales elaborated in different ways in legends, sagas, or novellas. This categorisation cuts across the form forms of categories. This is because it depends on the setting and plot rather than on the narrative world and intention. Court tales are useful and valid classification. We note this because they indicate most immediate context of these tales in ancient Near Eastern literature by pointing up affinities of Daniel with Joseph, Esther, Ahiqar, a story of three pages in Ezra 3 with tales of Near Eastern courts in Herodotus and Ktesias. However, we should not use court tales to replace legends. Instead, we should see them as complementary designation that furthe r indicates the genre of these stories. In addition, we can further classify court tales as contest and conflict. There is also a category of Diaspora novella. Scholars proposed this category in the cases of Joseph and Esther. This is because authors set Jewish court tales in the Diaspora. This is significant for the history of the genre studies. We can find illustrations in the three Maccabees. This category loses sight of non-Jewish parallels such as Ahiqar. However, it has the advantage of focusing attention on the Jewish setting of the tales. Therefore, we can specify that the overall genre of the tales in Daniel 1 to 6 as court legends, or legends in a court setting. Lastly, the category of midrash takes its point of departure in the biblical text and exists for the sake of explaining that text. It is not enough that a work makes use of biblical allusions alone. French scholars such as Delcor, Gaide, Lacocque have favoured characterization of Daniel 1 to 6 as midrash. So they r egard these tales as midrash and make a comparison to the story of Joseph. We know the parallels between the stories of Joseph and Daniel. Therefore, we cannot use a story to explain the existence of another one. The influence of biblical motifs and terminology are considerable factors in the tales with regard to intention and sources, but they do not determine their genre (Vaux 1984). Conclusion Biblical scholars have considered the literature of Daniel as a full-fledged example of apocalypse literature in the Hebrew Bible. This does not imply that there are no other books fitting this genre. The book of Daniel stands out because of the obvious futures of apocalypse literature. We can identity these features through settings, intentions, classifications and relations to the world empires. Reference List Collins, John. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, 2nd ed. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. LaSor, William. 1996. Old Testam ent Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Longman, Tremper and Raymond Dillard. 2006. An Introduction to the Old Testament, 2nd Ed. Michigan: Zondervan. Niskanen, Paul. 2004. The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. New York: TT Clark International. Vaux, Roland de. 1984. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Zuck, Roy. 1991. A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Publishers. This research paper on The genre of Daniel as apocalypse was written and submitted by user Nevaeh Bass to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.